Apoptosis: biphasic dose responses.

The features of apoptotic dose responses typically have been evaluated over a broad dose-response continuum to differentiate apoptotic and necrotic responses. The present article specifically addresses the dose-response relationship for apoptosis in detail. It was determined that a number of well-documented cases exist in which the dose-response relationship for apoptosis is biphasic. The underlying mechanisms and biomedical implications of this biphasic dose-response phenomenon are discussed.