Colonoscopy, proctoscopy, and ileoscopy.

Colonoscopy and proctoscopy are primarily performed on dogs and cats with signs of chronic large bowel or rectal disease, and ileoscopy is typically performed in patients with signs of either large or small bowel disease. These techniques should not be used indiscriminately but only on animals that have a reasonable chance to benefit from their use. Even then, the techniques must be performed carefully so that the results are meaningful instead of misleading. We first consider what does and what does not constitute a reasonable indication for endoscopic examination of the lower intestines. After that, we turn to the specific techniques involved.