Fluorescence behavior of the pH-sensitive probe carboxy SNARF-1 in suspension of liposomes.

When exposed to the intracellular environment fluorescent probes sensitive to pH exhibit changes of photophysical characteristics as a result of an interaction of the dye molecule with cell constituents such as proteins, lipids or nucleic acids. This effect is reflected in calibration curves different from those found with the same dye in pure buffer solutions. To study an interaction of the probe 5'(and 6')-carboxy-10-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'(3H)-isobenzofuran]-3'-one (carboxy SNARF-1) with membrane lipids, we measured its fluorescence in model systems of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) prepared by extrusion. When the dye was removed from the bulk solution by gel filtration the relative fluorescence intensity of the lipid-bound dye form was enhanced, showing a strong interaction of the dye molecule with LUV membrane lipids. Surprisingly, the dye molecules seem to be bound predominantly to the outer surface of the lipid bilayer. The same situation was found with small unilamellar vesicles prepared by sonication. This effect makes it difficult to use carboxy SNARF-1 for measurements of the internal pH in suspensions of liposomes.