Involvement of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and estrogen receptor phosphorylation in the synergistic activation of the estrogen receptor by estradiol and protein kinase activators.

Estrogen receptor (ER) and cAMP signaling pathways interact in a number of estrogen target tissues including mammary and uterine tissues. One aspect of this interaction is that estradiol and protein kinase A (PKA) activators can cooperate synergistically to activate ER-mediated transcription of both endogenous genes and reporter genes containing only estrogen response elements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of this interaction between signaling pathways. Site-directed mutagenesis of the potential PKA phosphorylation sites in the ER indicated that phosphorylation of these sites was not necessary for the observed transcriptional synergy. In transient transfection assays in two different cell lines using reporter constructs containing either cAMP response elements, estrogen response elements or both types of elements, with the addition or absence of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) expression plasmid, we observed that only one of these cell lines exhibited estrogen/PKA transcriptional synergy. Experiments demonstrated that CREB itself was involved in the transcriptional synergy, and that transfection of CREB restored transcriptional synergy in the cell line in which it was lacking. A functional interaction between ER and CREB was also demonstrated using a mammalian cell protein interaction assay; a dominant negative mutant of CREB did not exhibit this interaction. Therefore, these data indicate that CREB protein is required for the transcriptional synergy between cAMP and estrogen signaling pathways. Furthermore, CREB cooperated with the ER on genes that did not contain cAMP response elements, but contained only estrogen response elements. We propose that activated CREB is recruited to estrogen responsive genes by an ER--coactivator complex containing proteins such as CREB binding protein (CBP) and that the interaction of CREB with ER may assist in stabilizing its interaction with CBP and in promoting estrogen-ER and PKA transcriptional synergy.