Widespread heteroplasmy in schistosomes makes an mtVNTR marker "nearsighted".

Mitochondrial markers are often hailed as the preferred DNA elements for analyses of population subdivision. To this end we have employed a mitochondrial repeat element to examine the population structure in Schistosoma mansoni (human blood flukes). Schistosome isolates were collected from each of 21 different patients representing seven different areas of a Brazilian village. These parasite isolates demonstrate substantial genetic polymorphism, with an average of 10 genotypes infecting each patient, which is more readily detected because of high levels of heteroplasmy (i.e., 72.5% of the individual worms exhibit multiple versions of this repeat region with different numbers of repeats). Due to the high number of common haplotypes in the population, this repeat element from S. mansoni has a large proportion (47%) of its genetic variation described by differences among mitochondrial genomes within individual worms. However, when only rare haplotypes are considered, population structure can be detected. It seems that heteroplasmy in the schistosome population of Melquiades is both the source of plentiful genetic variation and a confounding factor in the analysis of that variation. Thus the schistosome population in Melquiades may actually be more strongly subdivided than we are able to detect using this mitochondrial marker.