What is the stabilizing interaction with nucleophilic solvents in the transition state for solvolysis of tertiary derivatives: nucleophilic solvent participation or nucleophilic solvation?

[structure: see text] We propose that controversy concerning the mechanism for solvolysis at tertiary carbon is semantic and can be avoided by making a clear distinction between (1) nucleophilic solvent participation, which is stabilization of the transition state for concerted solvolysis by formation of a partial covalent bond to the solvent nucleophile, and (2) nucleophilic solvation, which is stabilization of the transition state for stepwise solvolysis through carbocation or ion pair intermediates by charge-dipole interactions with nucleophilic solvents.