Two cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) genes from Arabidopsis thaliana are differentially expressed during development and in response to infection with pathogenic bacteria.

Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR; EC 1.2.1.44) catalyses the conversion of cinnamoyl-CoAs into their corresponding cinnamaldehydes, i.e. the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway specifically dedicated to the monolignol biosynthetic branch. In previous work, we described the isolation and characterisation of the first cDNA encoding CCR in Eucalyptus (Lacombe, E., Hawkins, S., Van Dorsselaere, J., Piquemal, J., Goffner, D., Poeydomenge, O., Boudet, A.M., Grima-Pettenati, J., 1997. Cinnamoyl CoA reductase, the first committed enzyme of the lignin branch biosynthetic pathway: cloning, expression and phylogenetic relationships. Plant Journal 11, 429--441) and shown the role of this enzyme in controlling the carbon flux into lignins (Piquemal, J., Lapierre, C., Myton, K., O'Connell, A., Schuch, W., Grima-Pettenati, J., Boudet, A.M., 1998. Down-regulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase induces significant changes of lignin profiles in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Journal 13, 71--83). Here, we report the characterisation of two functionally and structurally distinct cDNA clones, AtCCR1 and AtCCR2 (81.6% protein sequence identity) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The two recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli are able to use the three cinnamoyl-CoAs tested but with different levels of efficiency. AtCCR1 is five times more efficient with feruloyl-CoA and sinapoyl-CoA than AtCCR2. In addition, the two genes are differentially expressed during development and in response to infection. AtCCR1 is preferentially expressed in tissues undergoing lignification. In contrast, AtCCR2, which is poorly expressed during development, is strongly and transiently induced during the incompatible interaction with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris leading to a hypersensitive response. Altogether, these data suggest that AtCCR1 is involved in constitutive lignification whereas AtCCR2 is involved in the biosynthesis of phenolics whose accumulation may lead to resistance.