Canadian guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and atherosclerotic heart disease prevention: a summary.

Atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD) is the leading cause of death in Canadian women and men. Cardiac rehabilitation has been repeatedly shown to reduce cardiac morbidity and mortality significantly among patients with documented AHD. The Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation (CACR) has defined cardiac rehabilitation as "the enhancement and maintenance of cardiovascular health through individualized programs designed to optimize physical, psychological, social, vocational and emotional status. This process includes the facilitation and delivery of secondary prevention through heart hazard (risk factor) identification and modification in an effort to prevent disease progression and the recurrence of cardiac events". This summary presents a limited amount of background information and the majority of clinical practice recommendations contained within the previously published CACR Guidelines. These evidence-based clinical recommendations are intended as guidelines to good clinical practice rather than as standards of care. The key focus of this summary is the need for complete and targeted intervention of all heart hazards in patients at high or very high risk for, or with documented, AHD. To achieve this goal, the CACR Guidelines and this summary present risk stratification strategies designed to determine unambiguously a patient's risk of exercise-related cardiac events (short term absolute risk or disease prognosis) and their risk of recurrent AHD events (long term absolute risk from disease progression). The establishment of the short term and long term absolute AHD risks can then be used to determine heart hazard targets and the type of exercise program prescribed for patients with AHD. Despite the use of evidence-based medical practices, none of the recommendations presented in this document can replace the expert judgment of properly trained and experienced cardiac rehabilitation professionals. Health care providers must always be free to choose where and when clinical practice guidelines are applied, modified or superceded, depending on individual patient circumstances.