Predicting the wettability of quartz surfaces exposed to dense nonaqueous phase liquids.

A model incorporating electrostatic and van der Waals forces was used to predict the wetting behavior of several systems containing a quartz surface, water, and a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). The disjoining pressure between the quartz/water and a water/DNAPL interface as a function of their separation was calculated from a full solution of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation allowing for charge regulation. For the pH regime associated with a positive pressure barrier, the quartz surface was predicted to be water wetting. The model takes into account the charging behavior of an isolated DNAPL/water interface as inferred from electrophoretic mobility data. It provides excellent predictions for four coal tar and creosote samples tested, where the quartz was oil-wetting below pH 5 and water-wetting at higher pH values. In a fifth sample, the transition occurred above pH 7, which indicates that mechanisms other than electrostatic interaction control the wetting behavior in this sample.