The many faces of pain for older, dying adults.

An integration of knowledge from the fields of geriatrics, pain management, and palliative care is needed to ensure adequate pain control for the older adult who is dying. An overview is provided of the multiple factors (i.e., chronic illness, malignant disease, care procedures, emotional and cognitive status, response of others) that can cause and exacerbate pain at the end of life for the elderly. Treatment considerations are discussed and an illustrative case study is presented.