Increased expression of GPI-specific phospholipase D in mouse models of type 1 diabetes.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated protein. However, the tissue source(s) for circulating GPI-PLD and whether serum levels are regulated are unknown. Because the diabetic state alters lipoprotein metabolism, and liver and pancreatic islets are possible sources of GPI-PLD, we hypothesized that GPI-PLD levels would be altered in diabetes. GPI-PLD serum activity and liver mRNA were examined in two mouse models of type 1 diabetes, a nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in CD-1 mice. With the onset of hyperglycemia (2- to 5-fold increase over nondiabetic levels), GPI-PLD serum activity and liver mRNA increased 2- to 4-fold in both models. Conversely, islet expression of GPI-PLD was absent as determined by immunofluorescence. Insulin may regulate GPI-PLD expression, because insulin treatment of diabetic NOD mice corrected the hyperglycemia along with reducing serum GPI-PLD activity and liver mRNA. Our data demonstrate that serum GPI-PLD levels are altered in the diabetic state and are consistent with liver as a contributor to circulating GPI-PLD.