Occupational exposures to metals, solvents and pesticides: recent evidence on male reproductive effects and biological markers.

This review is based primarily on the recent epidemiological studies conducted in occupational settings in order to explore the relationship between exposures to chemical agents and the possible effects on male reproductive function. The paper examines evidence of the effects of metals, solvents, pesticides and dioxin. The effects considered are primarily the possible alterations of sperm quality and reduction of fertility. Many studies have identified small groups of workers with exposures to these agents, presenting some alteration in the spermatological or fertility profile, but the results are difficult to replicate in other settings with different individuals and different levels of exposure. From examination of the concentrations of environmental and occupational pollutants in the blood and in the seminal fluid of exposed individuals, it appears that, in general, the concentrations are much lower in the seminal fluid and in sperm cells, making this a less useful marker of exposure.