Sleep disruption in the intensive care unit.

Subjective and objective measures of sleep quality indicate that the sleep of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is extraordinarily disturbed. Several studies spanning the past two decades have demonstrated that critically ill patients exhibit reduced sleep efficiency, reduced restorative sleep, and frequent arousals and awakenings. A number of potential sleep disrupters exist in the ICU environment, with noise being the predominant focus of investigation. Excessive noise levels in the ICU correlate with poor sleep quality in healthy subjects and patients. Medications, light, and frequent care-related activities can also interfere with a patient's ability to obtain good-quality sleep. Sleep disruption can have significant adverse consequences for critically ill patients, such as immune system compromise and respiratory abnormalities. Although several questions remain unanswered, including the impact of sleep disruption on the clinical outcome of patients in the ICU, there is a growing interest in developing new strategies to improve sleep quality.