Dynamics-function correlation in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase: a spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulation study.

A single mutation (Val29-->Gly) at the subunit interface of a Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase dimer leads to a twofold increase in the second order catalytic rate, when compared to the native enzyme, without causing any modification of the structure or the electric field distribution. To check the role of dynamic processes in this catalytic enhancement, the flexibility of the dimeric protein at the subunit interface region has been probed by the phosphorescence and fluorescence properties of the unique tryptophan residue. Multiple spectroscopic data indicate that Trp83 experiences a very similar, and relatively hydrophobic, environment in both wild-type and mutant protein, whereas its mobility is distinctly more restrained in the latter. Molecular dynamics simulation confirms this result, and provides, at the molecular level, details of the dynamic change felt by tryptophan. Moreover, the simulation shows that the loops surrounding the active site are more flexible in the mutant than in the native enzyme, making the copper more accessible to the incoming substrate, and being thus responsible for the catalytic rate enhancement. Evidence for increased, dynamic copper accessibility also comes from faster copper removal in the mutant by a metal chelator. These results indicate that differences in dynamic, rather than structural, features of the two enzymes are responsible for the observed functional change.