Behavioural, hyperthermic and neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine analogues in the Wistar rat.

1. The ability of N-ethyl (MDEA) and N-butyl (MDBA) analogues of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') to induce acute behavioural changes and increases in body temperature, and to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity, was assessed in young adult male Wistar rats. The in vitro ability of MDMA analogues to evoke presynaptic monoamine release from crude rat forebrain synaptosomal preparations pre-labelled with [3H]5-HT or [3H]DA was also measured. 2. In behavioural experiments, acute MDMA and MDEA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased rat open-field locomotion scores, decreased open-field rearing, and induced stereotypy, Straub tail and head weaving. MDBA did not produce any of these behaviours. 3. After repeated dosing (8 x 20 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 4 days), MDMA > MDEA >> MDBA > or = saline at decreasing forebrain [3H]paroxetine binding levels and concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA at 14 days post-treatment. None of the analogues caused any long-term changes in dopamine or noradrenaline concentrations in the forebrain. 4. Acute MDMA and MDEA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant acute increases in rat aural temperature compared with saline-treated animals, while 20 mg/kg MDBA caused no significant effects. 5. MDA, MDMA and MDEA were equipotent at inducing [3H]5-HT release from frontal cortex/hippocampal synaptosomes, while MDBA only evoked a significant release at 100 microM concentrations. The potency order for inducing [3H]DA release from striatal synaptosomes was MDA > MDMA > MDEA = MDBA. 6. This study shows that large N-alkyl substitution decreases the ability of MDMA analogues to evoke presynaptic 5-HT and DA release, induce acute hyperthermia, hyperlocomotion and behavioural changes, and cause long-term serotonergic neurotoxicity. 7. The structure-activity relationship data presented here indicate that the neurotoxic damage caused by substituted amphetamines requires a combination of acute hyperthermia and increased neurotransmitter release. Induction of one of these effects in isolation is not sufficient to cause serotonergic nerve terminal degradation.