Quantitative analysis of chemokine expression by dendritic cell subsets in vitro and in vivo.

Upon maturation, dendritic cells (DCs) have to adjust their chemokine expression to sequentially attract different leukocyte subsets. We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to study in detail the expression of 12 chemokines involved in the recruitment of leukocytes into and inside secondary lymphoid organs, by DCs in distinct differentiation stages, both in vitro and in vivo. Monocyte-derived immature DCs expressed high levels of DC chemokine 1 (DC-CK1), EBI1-ligand chemokine (ELC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC). Upon maturation, DCs up-regulated the expression of DC-CK1 (60-fold), ELC (7-fold), and TARC (10-fold). Activation of DCs by CD40 ligand further up-regulated the expression of ELC (25-fold). We found that freshly isolated blood DCs expressed only low levels of interleukin-8, lymphotactin, and MIP-1alpha. It is interesting that the chemokine profile expressed by activated CD11c(-) lymphoid-like as well as CD11c(+) myeloid blood DCs mimics that of monocyte-derived DCS: Additionally, purified Langerhans cells that had migrated out of the epidermis expressed a similar chemokine pattern. These data indicate that different DC subsets in vitro and in vivo can express the same chemokines to attract leukocytes.