Pollen digestion by flower-feeding Scarabaeidae: protea beetles (Cetoniini) and monkey beetles (Hopliini).

Pollen protoplasm is very nutritious, but the hard and highly resistant outer wall (exine) of the pollen grain presents an obstacle that pollen-feeders must overcome to benefit from the valuable protoplasm. Pollen digestion in three pollen-eating scarab beetles, the green protea beetle Trichostetha fascicularis and two monkey beetle species, Peritrichia cinerea and Pachynema flavolineata, was investigated. Adult beetles were collected for observations of feeding mechanisms, scanning electron microscopy of mouthparts, and histological examination of gut contents. Serial sections of different regions along the gut were stained for different nutrients and examined to determine the appearance of the pollen grains and the removal of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids from the pollen. During feeding, beetles used dense brushes of setae on the tips of their maxillae to mop up nectar and sweep pollen into their mouths. Grains were ingested intact. Nutrients were effectively removed from the grains as they passed along the gut and most pollen grains in the hindgut were empty, with broken exines. All the beetles excreted the undigested exine. Comparison with other studies on pollen digestion by a variety of insect and vertebrate pollen-feeders suggests that digestive enzyme penetration of ingested pollen grains and exudation of the products of digestion is the most likely method used by these beetles.