Trace elements and DNA damage.

A number of studies (mainly in vitro and in vivo animal models) have examined the interaction of trace elements with DNA. Normal dietary levels of various trace elements are required to prevent the occurrence of oxidative damage, and deficiency may increase susceptibility. Conversely, overload of some trace elements, including copper and iron, has been demonstrated to result in adverse effects. However, under normal physiological conditions, such overloads are unlikely to occur.