J I Suárez1. 1. University Hospitals of Cleveland/Hanna 5, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. jis4@po.cwru.edu
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the basic concepts and mechanisms of cerebral edema and to analyze current management of this complex clinical problem. DEVELOPMENT: Cerebral edema is a stereotyped reaction of the brain to any aggression and is a very common complication in patients with alterations of the blood-brain barrier. The cerebral edema should be recognized and treated early and aggressively to avoid disastrous results such as cerebral herniation. The most important types of edema are the vasogenic and cytotoxic. The first implies primary alterations of the blood-brain barrier, whilst in the second they are of cellular homeostasis. We have reviewed how various pro-inflammatory substances interact to stimulate the mechanisms causing edema, and also the importance of cerebrovascular autoregulation for maintenance of a normal intracranial volume. The measures necessary for good cerebral reanimation are the following: evaluation of the airway, controlled hyperventilation, maintenance of the cerebral perfusion pressure > 70 mmHg, suitable position of the head, administration of hypertonic solutions, dexamethasone, and possibly barbiturates. We have shown that a body temperature > 37.5 degrees C and blood glucose > 150 mg/dl are related to worsening of the cerebral edema. Finally, we have reviewed other experimental treatments which seem promising, such as hemicraniectomy, hypertonic saline solutions, hypothermia and other neuroprotector agents. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with acute cerebral edema should be evaluated early and treated with therapy which will solve the underlying pathological problem. Good medical management of these patients is of vital importance to assure a satisfactory clinical outcome. Recently new, effective therapy has been evaluated which may substantially change current concepts of the treatment of patients with acute cerebral edema.
OBJECTIVE: To review the basic concepts and mechanisms of cerebral edema and to analyze current management of this complex clinical problem. DEVELOPMENT: Cerebral edema is a stereotyped reaction of the brain to any aggression and is a very common complication in patients with alterations of the blood-brain barrier. The cerebral edema should be recognized and treated early and aggressively to avoid disastrous results such as cerebral herniation. The most important types of edema are the vasogenic and cytotoxic. The first implies primary alterations of the blood-brain barrier, whilst in the second they are of cellular homeostasis. We have reviewed how various pro-inflammatory substances interact to stimulate the mechanisms causing edema, and also the importance of cerebrovascular autoregulation for maintenance of a normal intracranial volume. The measures necessary for good cerebral reanimation are the following: evaluation of the airway, controlled hyperventilation, maintenance of the cerebral perfusion pressure > 70 mmHg, suitable position of the head, administration of hypertonic solutions, dexamethasone, and possibly barbiturates. We have shown that a body temperature > 37.5 degrees C and blood glucose > 150 mg/dl are related to worsening of the cerebral edema. Finally, we have reviewed other experimental treatments which seem promising, such as hemicraniectomy, hypertonic saline solutions, hypothermia and other neuroprotector agents. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with acute cerebral edema should be evaluated early and treated with therapy which will solve the underlying pathological problem. Good medical management of these patients is of vital importance to assure a satisfactory clinical outcome. Recently new, effective therapy has been evaluated which may substantially change current concepts of the treatment of patients with acute cerebral edema.