Antisocial personality disorder and cocaine dependence: their effects on behavioral and electroencephalographic measures of time estimation.

The present study examined time estimation performance and concurrently-recorded electroencephalographic activity among 57 residential treatment program patients previously dependent on either cocaine or cocaine and alcohol. The patients were assigned to one of two subgroups based upon the presence (n=20) versus absence (n=37) of a comorbid diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). Twenty-six subjects, who had no history of substance abuse and no diagnosis of APD, were also examined. All subjects performed a psychomotor task in which they were asked to press a response key exactly 2 s after the onset of a visual cue. Analyses revealed that cocaine-dependent patients with APD were often premature in their behavioral estimates of time passage. The analysis of a slow EEG potential, viz. the Contingent Negative Variation, recorded over the 2 s time estimation interval, also suggested premature response preparation in the cocaine-dependent, APD-positive group. Correlational analyses revealed that the number of conduct problems reported prior to age 15 was a better predictor of both premature responding and CNV amplitude than either severity of cocaine dependence, alcohol use, or anxious or depressed mood. The potential relevance of these findings for studies of future time orientation and delay discounting behavior are discussed.