Possible pitfalls of flux calculations based on (13)C-labeling.

Metabolic engineers have enthusiastically adopted the (13)C-labeling technique as a powerful tool for elucidating fluxes in metabolic networks. This tracer technique makes it possible to determine fluxes that are unobservable using only metabolite balances and allows the elimination of doubtful cofactor balances that are indispensable in flux analysis based on metabolite balancing alone. The (13)C-labeling technique, however, relies on a number of assumptions that are not free from uncertainties. Two possible errors in the models that are needed to determine the metabolic fluxes from labeling data are omitted reactions and ignored occurrence of channeling. By means of two representative examples it is shown that these modeling errors may lead to serious errors in the calculated flux distributions despite the use of labeling data. A complicating fact is that the model errors are not always easily detected as poor models may still yield good fits of experimental data. Results of (13)C-labeling experiments should therefore be interpreted with appropriate caution. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.