Novel approach in plastid transformation.

Engineering the nuclear genome of plants is perceived to be associated with problems regarding biosafety and the stability of expression of the transgene. Alternative transformation strategies using the genomic outfit of the plastid promise to be more successful in this respect. Over the past few years progress has been made in screening procedures, and plastid transformation technology has allowed function to be assigned to open reading frames, massive expression of insecticidal agents and proteins involved in herbicide resistance, and the accumulation of biopolymers. Recently, the design of a novel femtoinjection technique that allows injection into chloroplasts has provided the opportunity to further manipulate and understand chloroplastic gene expression.