Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.

Over the last few years, the number of potential pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder has greatly expanded. Yet the database for virtually all these newer treatments consists of case reports and case series. Among these newer treatments, recently released anticonvulsants are most promising. Lamotrigine has already shown efficacy for treating bipolar depression, while gabapentin's efficacy has yet to be documented in a controlled study. Alone among its medication class, topiramate, another anticonvulsant, is associated with weight loss. Novel antipsychotics are effective in treating acute mania. With the exception of clozapine, their efficacy as true mood stabilizers is still unknown. Utilizing combinations of mood stabilizers is common and appropriate but demands knowledge of potential pharmacokinetic interactions. Other approaches for treatment resistant bipolar disorder include high-dose thyroid hormones, calcium channel blockers, electroconvulsive therapy, and omega-3 fatty acids. Finally, the efficacy of adjunctive psychosocial strategies is a topic of active investigation.