State of the art and new perspectives on dry powder inhalers.

Modern local therapy for lung diseases is now largely based on pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The research of alternatives to MDIs has recently accelerated, primarily due to environmental concerns related to the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants. The most recent and attractive solution to this problem is represented by the development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs), particularly designed to avoid the use of propellants. DPIs have been developed for specific products, therefore they possess a reduced versatility in term of application of the same device to different drugs. However, they did introduce new concepts in pulmonary drug delivery, solving some disadvantages of the pressurized devices. They are in their infancy and the efforts of researchers are now impressive. The future will certainly see many other devices containing additional innovative features for the effective respiratory delivery of drug. The goals still remain the delivery of precise and uniform drug doses and increasing the respirable fraction in relation to the dose emitted from the device.