Energetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr fed elevated dietary cadmium.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr were reared for 4 months on experimental diets supplemented with Cd (0.5, 5, 25, 125, or 250 mg Cd x kg(-1)) to assess the long-term energetic changes based on the digestibility and biochemical deposition of the major dietary nutrients and to evaluate a maximum tolerable dietary toxicant concentration. Growth did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from the control groups. The biochemical composition of the carcass, but not the viscera, was negatively affected by dietary Cd exposure. The significant decreases in protein, lipid, and glycogen concentrations in the carcass (P<0.05, 25 mg x kg(-1) compared to control groups) caused a reduction in calculated whole-body energy content in fish fed 125 mg x kg(-1)compared to control groups. This reduction in calculated whole-body energy content was explained by a concurrent significant disturbance to the gastrointestinal function (measured as reduced digestibility). Only at the highest dietary Cd exposure (250 mg x kg(-1)), increased metabolic costs to cope with Cd toxicity was thought to contribute significantly to the reduction in carcass energy content. The most important factor effecting calculated total energetics was nutrient digestibility. Based on the logarithmic effective median concentration for reduced calculated energy digestibility (dietary Cd concentration corresponding to 50% reduction, EC50), the maximum tolerable dietary Cd concentration is 11 mg x kg(-1) diet.