The disequilibrium pH: a tool for the localization of carbonic anhydrase.

The disequilibrium pH is defined as any discrepancy between the measured pH and the pH which would exist if CO2-HCO3-H+ reactions were at equilibrium. Measurement of the disequilibrium pH can be used to assess the status of CO2-HCO3--H+ reactions and, in combination with carbonic anhydrase (CA) or CA inhibitor treatments, may also be used to localize CA. Renal physiologists have used disequilibrium experiments to determine that HCO3- reabsorption in the kidney tubule occurs via proton secretion, and that CA activity is available to ultrafiltrate CO2-HCO3-H+ reactions in the proximal convoluted tubule, but not the distal tubule. Disequilibrium experiments were also used in investigating the availability of CA to CO2-HCO3--H+ reactions in water at the fish gill; the opposing results obtained in two studies have not yet been resolved. Respiratory physiologists have used the disequilibrium technique in vivo and with saline-perfused preparations to assess the availability of CA to plasma CO2-HCO3--H+ reactions following gas exchange. Saline-perfused preparations enable direct localization of CA activity, while in vivo measurements encompass the numerous factors affecting CO2-HCO3--H+ equilibration in a multi-phase solution. Given the many organs in which membrane-bound CA activity has now been identified, the usefulness of the disequilibrium pH technique has increased beyond its original applications in renal and pulmonary physiology.