Laparoscopic ultrasonography.

The use of laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) allows visualization of tissues beyond the two-dimensional laparoscopic picture, enhancing the amount and quality of information available to the surgeon. Linear-array transducers with frequencies of 7.5 to 10 MHz are typically used for LUS, employing B-mode scanning and color Doppler capability on probes with articulating tips. In general surgery, LUS has become a common adjunct to the intraoperative staging of upper gastrointestinal malignancy to determine resectability, avoiding unnecessary laparotomy. In urology, LUS appears to be a promising adjunct for four current procedures: difficult pelvic lymphocele marsupialization, renal cyst decortication, nephrolithotomy and other renal stone surgery, and cryotherapy of renal masses. The role of LUS during varicocelectomy is limited, and enthusiasm for this procedure is waning. Laparoscopic ultrasonography is a critical adjunct to renal cryoablation, a developmental procedure that currently lacks long-term data but is promising as therapy for small, incidentally detected renal masses. It appears that as laparoscopic urologic procedures continue to expand, so will the application of this promising operative imaging modality.