'Clay hutches': a novel interaction between bacteria and clay minerals.

Biofilm formation on a low-energy substratum floating on the surface of a water column overlying a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sandy clay soil was followed by light and electron microscopy. The biofilms that developed consisted of a dense lawn of clay aggregates, each one of which contained one or more bacteria, phyllosilicates and grains of iron oxide material, all held together by bacterial extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). The clay leaflets were arranged in the form of 'houses of cards' and gave the aggregates the appearance of 'hutches' housing the bacteria. Interestingly, although the soil is poor in carbon, and the weakly bioavailable PCBs constitute the principal source of carbon in this system, the bacteria contained electron-transparent structures presumed to be carbon storage granules. These, and the EPS material present in the hutches, indicate that carbon is not limiting in this system and, as PCBs have been found associated with the clay mineral fraction of the floating substratum, the clay particles may serve as carbon shuttles. The interesting possibilities that the 'clay hutches' may represent a 'soil microhabitat', a 'minimal nutritional sphere' and an 'effective survival unit' for autochthonous bacteria are noted. The formation of clay hutches by bacteria would seem to merit further investigation, particularly regarding their roles in bacterial processes in soil and in geological processes.