A new model for periostracum and shell formation in Unionidae (Bivalvia, Mollusca).

The periostracum in Unionidae consists of two layers. The outer one is secreted within the periostracal groove, while the inner layer is secreted by the epithelium of the outer mantle fold. The periostracum reaches its maximum thickness at the shell edge, where it reflects onto the shell surface. Biomineralization begins within the inner periostracum as fibrous spheruliths, which grow towards the shell interior, coalesce and compete mutually, originating the aragonitic outer prismatic shell layer. Prisms are fibrous polycrystalline aggregates. Internal growth lines indicate that their growth front is limited by the mantle surface. Transition to nacre is gradual. The first nacreous tablets grow by epitaxy onto the distal ends of prism fibres. Later growth proceeds onto previously deposited tablets. Our model involves two alternative stages. During active shell secretion, the mantle edge extends to fill the extrapallial space and the periostracal conveyor belt switches on, with the consequential secretion of periostracum and shell. During periods of inactivity, only the outer periostracum is secreted; this forms folds at the exit of the periostracal groove, leaving high-rank growth lines. Layers of inner periostracum are added occasionally to the shell interior during prolonged periods of inactivity in which the mantle is retracted.