Oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations in peripheral plasma of sows during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and after weaning.

Steroid hormone concentrations in plasma have been measured in blood samples taken from conscious sows with ear vein catheters. In late pregnancy, the plasma progesterone concentration ranged from 6 to 12 ng/ml and it decreased in all animals before the onset of parturition. Total unconjugated oestrogens increased to high values of up to about 3 ng/ml in late pregnancy and then declined after the onset of parturition. Oestrone was the predominant unconjugated oestrogen measured. Plasma corticosteroid (mainly cortisol) concentration was about 33 ng/ml and showed no consistent change at the time of parturition. During lactational anoestrum the plasma concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was very low, while that of corticosteroids was 21 ng/ml. When the piglets were weaned at 26-31 days, sows came into oestrus 4-12 days later, and this was preceded, or accompanied by, an increase in plasma oestrogens. In the luteal phase, plasma progesterone concentrations rose to 20-35 ng/ml. A sow whose piglets were removed at birth, showed signs of oestrus (vulval enlargement and a lordosis response), but a lack of receptivity to the boar associated with no detectable changes in the plasma oestrogen concentration; however, ovulation probably occurred since plasma progesterone values increased in a manner comparable to that found after the formation of normal corpora lutea in other sows. After a second non-receptive cycle, the sow was mated and became pregnant at the third post-weaning oestrus. At parturition the concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was greater in placental venous plasma than in maternal jugular plasma, which indicates placental synthesis of these hormones. A greater concentration of plasma corticosteroids in foetal blood than in placental venous or maternal jugular plasma suggests foetal synthesis in late pregnancy.