Nonaheme cytochrome c, a new physiological electron acceptor for [Ni,Fe] hydrogenase in the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Essex: primary sequence, molecular parameters, and redox properties.

A nonaheme cytochrome c was purified to homogeneity from the soluble and the membrane fractions of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Essex. The gene encoding for the protein was cloned and sequenced. The primary structure of the multiheme protein was highly homologous to that of the nonaheme cytochrome c from D. desulfuricans ATCC 27774 and to that of the 16-heme HmcA protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. The analysis of the sequence downstream of the gene encoding for the nonaheme cytochrome c from D. desulfuricans Essex revealed an open reading frame encoding for an HmcB homologue. This operon structure indicated the presence of an Hmc complex in D. desulfuricans Essex, with the nonaheme cytochrome c replacing the 16-heme HmcA protein found in D. vulgaris. The molecular and spectroscopic parameters of nonaheme cytochrome c from D. desulfuricans Essex in the oxidized and reduced states were analyzed. Upon reduction, the pI of the protein changed significantly from 8.25 to 5.0 when going from the Fe(III) to the Fe(II) state. Such redox-induced changes in pI have not been reported for cytochromes thus far; most likely they are the result of a conformational rearrangement of the protein structure, which was confirmed by CD spectroscopy. The reactivity of the nonaheme cytochrome c toward [Ni,Fe] hydrogenase was compared with that of the tetraheme cytochrome c(3); both the cytochrome c(3) and the periplasmic [Ni,Fe] hydrogenase originated from D. desulfuricans Essex. The nonaheme protein displayed an affinity and reactivity toward [Ni,Fe] hydrogenase [K(M) = 20.5 +/- 0.9 microM; v(max) = 660 +/- 20 nmol of reduced cytochrome min(-1) (nmol of hydrogenase)(-1)] similar to that of cytochrome c(3) [K(M) = 12.6 +/- 0.7 microM; v(max) = 790 +/- 30 nmol of reduced cytochrome min(-1) (nmol of hydrogenase)(-1)]. This shows that nonaheme cytochrome c is a competent physiological electron acceptor for [Ni,Fe] hydrogenase.