1,10-Phenanthroline inhibits glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring by preventing phosphoethanolamine addition to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor precursors.

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety is widely used to anchor a functionally diverse group of proteins to the plasma membrane of eukaryotes. In mammals, the predominant glycan structure of the GPI anchor consists of EthN-P-Man-Man-(EthN-P)Man-GlcN attached to an inositol phospholipid. In a smaller percentage of anchors analyzed to date, a third P-EthN group linked to the middle mannosyl residue was found. The transfer of the three P-EthN groups present in the GPI glycan core is likely to be carried out by three different GPI-phosphoethanolamine transferases (GPI-PETs). Here we report that 1,10-phenanthroline (PNT), a commonly used inhibitor of metalloproteases, is a novel inhibitor of GPI anchor synthesis. Addition of PNT to cells caused the accumulation of GPI anchor intermediates that are substrates for GPI-PETs, suggesting that these enzymes are the targets of PNT. ZnCl(2) blocked the effect of PNT, a known Zn chelator, and Zn itself was able to stimulate the GPI anchor synthesis, indicating that this cation is likely to be required for GPI-PET activity. PNT acutely inhibited the synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins, but the synthesis was rapidly restored once the inhibitor was washed out. Therefore, PNT will be a useful tool to study the metabolism and trafficking of GPI anchor intermediates by providing a switch to turn the pathway on and off.