Three distinct stages of lens opacification in transgenic mice expressing the HIV-1 protease.

Scanning electron microscopy of the lenses from transgenic mice (TG(72)) containing the HIV-1 protease linked to the lens alphaA-crystallin promoter showed structural changes around postnatal day 16. Frank opacification of the lens was observed at day 24. To relate the biochemical and biophysical changes that occur during the process of cataract development, high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D), quantitative image analysis and ion measurements were carried out on lenses from postnatal day 10 and on days 15-24. The phase separation temperature (Tc), a measure of molecular interactions between proteins, was also determined for normal and transgenic lenses. A comparison of the transgenic and normal lenses on day 10 revealed no significant differences in any of the measured parameters. However, starting around day 16 or the first stage of observed structural changes, the TG(72)crystallin profiles of the alphaA- alphaB-, betaA3-, betaA4-, betaB3 and one gamma-crystallin began to deviate from the normal. By postnatal day 20, a second stage was initiated with an influx of calcium and sodium ions that was accompanied by modifications of betaB1- and betaB2-crystallin. In the third and final stage of the cataract process, a large increase in the proteolysis of crystallins was accompanied by the appearance of the frank cataract on day 24. The Tc initially increased in all of the mouse lenses until just prior to eyelid opening. After that time, the Tc decreased in all lenses. Although the Tc continued to decrease in the normal lenses with age, for the homozygous transgenic mice it exhibited a dramatic increase that began on day 20. Thus, in the TG(72)transgenic mouse, cataract formation occurs in a three-stage process. Tc and other biophysical parameters previously measured appeared to be insensitive to the modifications that occur during stage 1. However, during the second stage of cataract formation, there was a correspondence between abnormal Tc and the abnormal interactions between cellular constituents apparently resulting from lens hydration, the loss of ion homeostasis and continued proteolysis. The last stage of cataract formation results in a total loss of lens transparency and leakage of lens proteins.