Influence of reduced glutathione on the proliferative response of sulfamethoxazole-specific and sulfamethoxazole-metabolite-specific human CD4+ T-cells.

1. Hypersensitivity to the drug sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is thought to be a consequence of bioactivation to the hydroxylamine metabolite (SMX-NHOH) and further oxidation to the ultimate reactive metabolite, nitroso-sulfamethoxazole (SMX-NO). SMX-NO covalently modifies self proteins which in turn might be recognized as neo-antigens by T-cells. The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) is known to protect cells from reactive metabolites by conjugation and subsequent dissociation to SMX-NHOH and/or SMX. 2. To study the reactivity of T-cells to SMX metabolites and their respective role in the generation of drug-specific T-cells, we analysed the effect of GSH on the response of PBMC to SMX and its metabolites SMX-NHOH and SMX-NO. Furthermore, we monitored the proliferative response of drug-specific T-cell clones in the presence or absence of GSH. 3. We found that addition of GSH to peripheral blood mononuclear cells had no effect on the SMX-specific response but enhanced the proliferation to SMX-metabolites. The response of SMX-NO-specific T-cell clones was abrogated when GSH was present during the covalent haptenation of antigen presenting cells (APC). Conversely, SMX-specific T-cell clones gained reactivity through the conversion of SMX-NO to the parent drug by GSH. While GSH had no effect on the initial activation of T-cell clones, it prevented covalent binding to APCs, reduced toxicity and thereby led to proliferation of drug-specific T-cells to non-reactive drug metabolites. 4. Our data support the concept that in allergic individuals T-cells recognize the non-covalently bound parent drug rather than APC covalently modified by SMX-NO.