Regulation of human coagulation factor X gene expression by GATA-4 and the Sp family of transcription factors.

Serine protease factor Xa plays a critical role in the coagulation cascade. Zymogen factor X is synthesized and modified in the liver. To understand the mechanisms governing the liver-specific expression of factor X, the proximal promoter of human factor X was previously characterized. Two crucial cis elements at -73 and -128 and their cognate binding proteins, HNF-4 and NF-Y, respectively, were identified. In this report, studies are extended to 3 additional cis elements within the factor X promoter. Using gel mobility shift assays, the liver-enriched protein GATA-4 was identified as the protein binding to the GATA element at -96. GATA-4 transactivates the factor X promoter 28-fold in transient transfection experiments. It was also determined that the Sp family of transcription factors binds 2 DNase I-footprinted sites at -165 and -195. Disruption of Sp protein binding at either site reduces the promoter activity by half. Simultaneous disruption of both sites reduces the promoter activity 8-fold. This is the first report indicating the involvement of GATA-4 in the regulation of clotting factor expression. These observations provide novel insight into mechanisms by which the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors are regulated.