Multireceptor GABAergic regulation of synaptic communication in amphibian retina.

The synaptic output of retinal bipolar cells was monitored by recording light-evoked EPSCs in ganglion cells. Application of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolyl (ATPA), a selective agonist at kainate receptors, depolarized amacrine cells and reduced the light-evoked excitatory current (L-EPSC) in ganglion cells. ATPA had only a slight effect on the light responses of bipolar cells. Therefore, ATPA suppresses bipolar cell synaptic output to ganglion cells. ATPA reduced the transient L-EPSC, but had comparatively little effect on sustained L-EPSC, of ganglion cells. The transient ON L-EPSC was more suppressed than the transient OFF L-EPSC. Thus, ATPA preferentially suppressed transient output from bipolar cells.GABA receptor antagonists blocked the effect of ATPA. This indicates that ATPA stimulated an endogenous inhibitory feedback pathway that suppressed bipolar cell output.CGP55845 and CGP35348 reduced the ATPA-induced suppression of L-EPSCs in ganglion cells, signifying that part of the feedback pathway is mediated by metabotropic GABA receptors.(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) and picrotoxin, GABAC receptor antagonists, reduced the ATPA effect. Picrotoxin was more effective than ATPA. However, picrotoxin blocked only a part of this GABAC effect, while imidazole-4-acetic acid (I4AA) blocked another segment of the effect. This indicates that two pharmacologically distinct GABAC receptors mediate feedback to bipolar cells. SR95531 produced a very small suppression of the ATPA effect. Thus, GABAA receptors provide a negligible component to this feedback pathway. The experiments indicate that endogenous GABAergic feedback to bipolar cells suppresses their output, and that this feedback is mediated by at least three types of GABA receptor, both metabotropic and ionotropic.In conjunction with previous studies, the results indicate that feedback inhibition is the predominant factor regulating transient signalling in ganglion cells, while feedforward inhibition is the primary regulator of tonic ganglion cell signals.