Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia): a new model for regeneration studies.

Within 2 weeks of decapitation, Hydrobia ulvae was able to regenerate new head structures including buccal ganglia. It was also capable of regenerating propodial ganglia after anterior foot amputation. The functional regeneration of the buccal ganglia was demonstrated by behavioural observations and by electrophysiological experiments. The presence of the oesophagus was shown to be important for regeneration of the buccal complex. H. ulvae provides a new model for regeneration studies, so details of the topographic anatomy and biology of this species are described. To standardize experimental animals in future studies, the effects of age, sex and trematode infestation on the regeneration capacity of H. ulvae have been evaluated. The high capacity for regeneration together with the possibility of using electrophysiological techniques makes H. ulvae a favourable model in which to study neurogenesis in adult animals.