Pharmacogenomics and schizophrenia.

Although antipsychotic drugs are effective in alleviating schizophrenic symptoms, individual differences in patient response suggest that genetic components play a major role, and pharmacogenetic studies have indicated the possibility for a more individually based pharmacotherapy. The new field of pharmacogenomics, which focuses on genetic determinants of drug response at the level of the entire human genome, is important for development and prescription of safer and more effective individually tailored drugs. DNA microarray (DNA chip) analysis enables genome-wide scanning, using the high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms map. Pharmacogenomics will aid in understanding how genetics influence disease development and drug response, and contribute to discovery of new treatments. The rate of discovery of those polymorphisms will depend on the quality of the drug response phenotype. Prospective genotyping of schizophrenic patients for the many genes at the level of the drug target, drug metabolism, and disease pathways will contribute to individualized therapy matching the patient's unique genetic make-up with an optimally effective drug.