Should patients have control over their own health care?: empirical evidence and research issues.

Available research indicates that purported patient insufficiencies in ability to process information and make rational and reliable decisions have likely been overestimated. Furthermore, data indicate that nonscientific factors often play a role in physician decision-making and that physicians may not value different health outcomes in the same way as patients. Though the data on patient cognitive functioning are limited because of heavy reliance on patient responses in hypothetical versus actual decision-making situations, these findings lend credence to arguments that patients should have increased control over their own health care. Research on the effects of interventions designed to enhance patient control indicates that: (a) patients generally respond positively to increased information, but few studies have evaluated the effects of information as a precursor to decision-making; (b) the few studies using simple behavioral control interventions have shown generally positive effects on a range of patient outcomes; and (c) studies of decisional control (with breast cancer patients) have had experimental confounds which prohibit conclusions regarding effectiveness. Areas in greatest need of research include: (a) further exploration of the utility of noninvasive behavioral control interventions in different settings; (b) measuring the impact of control manipulations on patient perception of control as well as patient control-related behaviors; (c) matching patient differences in desire for control to experimental conditions and to physician differences in receptiveness to patient control; and (d) clinical trials in which patients facing critical decisions in trade-off situations are actually given a choice.