Revision rhinoplasty: review of deformities, aetiology and treatment strategies.

Rhinoplasty has always been one of the most challenging aspects of facial surgery as it requires a precise assessment of the deformity, a strong grasp of nasal support mechanisms plus soft tissue skin envelope and a realistic appraisal of the outcome expected acutely and over a long period of time. This fine balance is often achieved by retrospective analysis of post-rhinoplasty results in order to highlight repeated problems and improve upon them. This study reviews 110 patients in which a total of 407 deformities were found. These are divided into upper, middle and lower thirds with a subdivision of individual deformities within each group. There is also a comparison of the results obtained from similar studies over a period of four decades to those in our study, which reveals that the post-rhinoplasty deformities noted in these studies occur with a similar frequency to those in our paper.