Transvenous cardiac pacing.

Transvenous pacing therapy is a life-saving technique for patients with clinically significant bradyarrhythmias. For most symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in small animals, there is no effective substitute for cardiac pacing. The methods employed for pacemaker placement, although potentially time-consuming, are not technically difficult. This article discusses the indications, techniques, clinical decision-making, and potential complications associated with temporary and permanent transvenous cardiac pacing.