Blood microdialysis in pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies.

Microdialysis is a sampling technique allowing measurement of endogenous and exogenous substances in the extracellular fluid surrounding the probe. In vivo microdialysis sampling offers several advantages over conventional methods of studying the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of xenobiotics, both in experimental animals and humans. In the first part of this review article various practical aspects related to blood microdialysis will be discussed, such as: probe design, surgical implantation techniques, methods to determine the in vivo relative recovery of the analyte of interest by the probe, special analytical considerations related to small volume microdialysate samples, and pharmacokinetic calculations based on microdialysis data. In the second part of this review a few selected applications of in vivo microdialysis sampling to investigate pharmacokinetic processes are briefly discussed: determination of in vivo plasma protein binding in small laboratory animals, distribution of drugs across the blood-brain barrier, the use of microdialysis sampling to study biliary excretion and enterohepatic cycling, blood microdialysis sampling in man and in the mouse, and in vivo drug metabolism studies.