Gram-Positive Pneumonia.

Gram-positive pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Of the gram-positive pathogens that cause pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common. The diagnosis of gram-positive pneumonia remains less than satisfactory, and newer diagnostic techniques such as antibody- and polymerase chain reaction-based antigen detection have yet to prove themselves. Drug resistance among gram-positive organisms is now endemic throughout the world and remains a serious therapeutic problem despite the availability of new antimicrobials. Efforts to control the spread of resistant strains include, in the case of S. aureus, stringent isolation policies and topical treatment to reduce carriage and, for S. pneumoniae, increased use of available vaccines and the develop- ment of more immunogenic vaccines.