New developments in endovascular interventions for extracranial carotid stenosis.

We provide an overview of recent developments in carotid interventional technique and equipment, including new stents and emboli protection devices. The newer self-expanding stents lessen the problem of external stent compression associated with balloon expandable stents, but precise deployment and the matching (by length) of stents to lesions remain problematic. We also discuss emerging pharmacologic strategies for cerebral protection in stroke. Multiple randomized clinical trials and multicenter registries are under way to compare percutaneous with surgical strategies for the treatment of carotid stenosis. These include the evaluation of emboli protection devices, and, to a lesser degree, intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. Other clinical trials are aimed towards refining the ability to stratify patients by risk, in order to identify the subsets that would benefit most from these complex and expensive procedures.