Controversies in the Surgical Management of Operable Breast Cancer.

The literature is reviewed regarding the surgical management of breast carcinoma, and controversies are discussed. Several unresolved issues remain in the surgical management of breast carcinoma. First, the optimal surgical treatment of patients who are at increased risk for having internal mammary lymph node metastases remains unknown. Second, it remains controversial whether axillary dissection is therapeutic or merely represents a staging procedure. Third, there is no consensus regarding the optimal extent of resection prior to irradiation in breast-conserving treatment. Nevertheless, breast conservation is generally accepted as a preferable therapy in patients with operable breast carcinoma, while modified radical mastectomy, with or without breast reconstruction offers an acceptable alternative for these patients.