BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence which suggests that prolonged breastfeeding protects against breast cancer has accumulated in recent years. Issues with regard to the timing of breastfeeding and effect modification by correlates of breastfeeding and other risk factors of breast cancer remain unresolved. METHODS: A population-based case control family study of breast cancer among women diagnosed by the age of 50, conducted in two geographic areas in Germany, was used to evaluate the effect of breastfeeding on risk of breast cancer. RESULTS: Among parous women in this study (553 cases, 1094 age-matched population controls), having ever breastfed a child for at least 1 month did not confer protection (odds ratio of 0.9 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-1.2). However, risk of breast cancer significantly decreased with increasing duration of breastfeeding (p for trend = 0.01) and the estimated relative risk was 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-0.9) for 13-24 months of cumulative breastfeeding and 0.5 (95% CI 0.3-1.1) for 25 months or more. Risk was less related to number of children breastfed than to increasing average length of breastfeeding per child (p for trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in risk associated with duration of breastfeeding was not primarily due to breastfeeding the firstborn and more evident in women who were older (> 25 years) when they first breastfed and among women who experienced a recent full-term pregnancy. Risks were modified somewhat by a first-degree family history of breast cancer whereby a greater reduction in risk per additional month of breastfeeding was observed among women with a family history than those without (0.9 vs. 1.0). The study results support a protective role of prolonged breastfeeding against the development of breast cancer in predominantly premenopausal women in Germany.
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence which suggests that prolonged breastfeeding protects against breast cancer has accumulated in recent years. Issues with regard to the timing of breastfeeding and effect modification by correlates of breastfeeding and other risk factors of breast cancer remain unresolved. METHODS: A population-based case control family study of breast cancer among women diagnosed by the age of 50, conducted in two geographic areas in Germany, was used to evaluate the effect of breastfeeding on risk of breast cancer. RESULTS: Among parous women in this study (553 cases, 1094 age-matched population controls), having ever breastfed a child for at least 1 month did not confer protection (odds ratio of 0.9 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-1.2). However, risk of breast cancer significantly decreased with increasing duration of breastfeeding (p for trend = 0.01) and the estimated relative risk was 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-0.9) for 13-24 months of cumulative breastfeeding and 0.5 (95% CI 0.3-1.1) for 25 months or more. Risk was less related to number of children breastfed than to increasing average length of breastfeeding per child (p for trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in risk associated with duration of breastfeeding was not primarily due to breastfeeding the firstborn and more evident in women who were older (> 25 years) when they first breastfed and among women who experienced a recent full-term pregnancy. Risks were modified somewhat by a first-degree family history of breast cancer whereby a greater reduction in risk per additional month of breastfeeding was observed among women with a family history than those without (0.9 vs. 1.0). The study results support a protective role of prolonged breastfeeding against the development of breast cancer in predominantly premenopausal women in Germany.
Authors: Roger L Milne; Justo Lorenzo-Bermejo; Barbara Burwinkel; Núria Malats; Jose Ignacio Arias; M Pilar Zamora; Javier Benítez; Manjeet K Humphreys; Montserrat García-Closas; Stephen J Chanock; Jolanta Lissowska; Mark E Sherman; Arto Mannermaa; Vesa Kataja; Veli-Matti Kosma; Heli Nevanlinna; Tuomas Heikkinen; Kristiina Aittomäki; Carl Blomqvist; Hoda Anton-Culver; Argyrios Ziogas; Peter Devilee; Christie J van Asperen; Rob A E M Tollenaar; Caroline Seynaeve; Per Hall; Kamila Czene; Jianjun Liu; Astrid K Irwanto; Daehee Kang; Keun-Young Yoo; Dong-Young Noh; Fergus J Couch; Janet E Olson; Xianshu Wang; Zachary Fredericksen; Børge G Nordestgaard; Stig E Bojesen; Henrik Flyger; Sara Margolin; Annika Lindblom; Peter A Fasching; Ruediger Schulz-Wendtland; Arif B Ekici; Matthias W Beckmann; Shan Wang-Gohrke; Chen-Yang Shen; Jyh-Cherng Yu; Huan-Ming Hsu; Pei-Ei Wu; Graham G Giles; Gianluca Severi; Laura Baglietto; Dallas R English; Angela Cox; Ian Brock; Graeme Elliott; Malcolm W R Reed; Jonathan Beesley; Xiaoqing Chen; Kconfab Investigators; Olivia Fletcher; Lorna Gibson; Isabel dos Santos Silva; Julian Peto; Bernd Frank; Joerg Heil; Alfons Meindl; Jenny Chang-Claude; Rebecca Hein; Alina Vrieling; Dieter Flesch-Janys; Melissa C Southey; Letitia Smith; Carmel Apicella; John L Hopper; Alison M Dunning; Karen A Pooley; Paul D P Pharoah; Ute Hamann; Beate Pesch; Yon-Dschun Ko; Douglas F Easton; Georgia Chenevix-Trench Journal: J Med Genet Date: 2011-10 Impact factor: 6.318
Authors: Heidi D Nelson; Bernadette Zakher; Amy Cantor; Rongwei Fu; Jessica Griffin; Ellen S O'Meara; Diana S M Buist; Karla Kerlikowske; Nicolien T van Ravesteyn; Amy Trentham-Dietz; Jeanne S Mandelblatt; Diana L Miglioretti Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2012-05-01 Impact factor: 25.391
Authors: Yuan Ji; Janet Olson; Jianping Zhang; Michelle Hildebrandt; Liewei Wang; James Ingle; Zachary Fredericksen; Thomas Sellers; William Miller; J Michael Dixon; Hiltrud Brauch; Michel Eichelbaum; Christina Justenhoven; Ute Hamann; Yon Ko; Thomas Brüning; Jenny Chang-Claude; Shan Wang-Gohrke; Daniel Schaid; Richard Weinshilboum Journal: Cancer Res Date: 2008-07-15 Impact factor: 12.701
Authors: Diether Lambrechts; Therese Truong; Christina Justenhoven; Manjeet K Humphreys; Jean Wang; John L Hopper; Gillian S Dite; Carmel Apicella; Melissa C Southey; Marjanka K Schmidt; Annegien Broeks; Sten Cornelissen; Richard van Hien; Elinor Sawyer; Ian Tomlinson; Michael Kerin; Nicola Miller; Roger L Milne; M Pilar Zamora; José Ignacio Arias Pérez; Javier Benítez; Ute Hamann; Yon-Dschun Ko; Thomas Brüning; Jenny Chang-Claude; Ursel Eilber; Rebecca Hein; Stefan Nickels; Dieter Flesch-Janys; Shan Wang-Gohrke; Esther M John; Alexander Miron; Robert Winqvist; Katri Pylkäs; Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen; Mervi Grip; Georgia Chenevix-Trench; Jonathan Beesley; Xiaoqing Chen; Florence Menegaux; Emilie Cordina-Duverger; Chen-Yang Shen; Jyh-Cherng Yu; Pei-Ei Wu; Ming-Feng Hou; Irene L Andrulis; Teresa Selander; Gord Glendon; Anna Marie Mulligan; Hoda Anton-Culver; Argyrios Ziogas; Kenneth R Muir; Artitaya Lophatananon; Suthee Rattanamongkongul; Puttisak Puttawibul; Michael Jones; Nicholas Orr; Alan Ashworth; Anthony Swerdlow; Gianluca Severi; Laura Baglietto; Graham Giles; Melissa Southey; Federik Marmé; Andreas Schneeweiss; Christof Sohn; Barbara Burwinkel; Betul T Yesilyurt; Patrick Neven; Robert Paridaens; Hans Wildiers; Hermann Brenner; Heiko Müller; Volker Arndt; Christa Stegmaier; Alfons Meindl; Sarah Schott; Claus R Bartram; Rita K Schmutzler; Angela Cox; Ian W Brock; Graeme Elliott; Simon S Cross; Peter A Fasching; Ruediger Schulz-Wendtland; Arif B Ekici; Matthias W Beckmann; Olivia Fletcher; Nichola Johnson; Isabel Dos Santos Silva; Julian Peto; Heli Nevanlinna; Taru A Muranen; Kristiina Aittomäki; Carl Blomqvist; Thilo Dörk; Peter Schürmann; Michael Bremer; Peter Hillemanns; Natalia V Bogdanova; Natalia N Antonenkova; Yuri I Rogov; Johann H Karstens; Elza Khusnutdinova; Marina Bermisheva; Darya Prokofieva; Shamil Gancev; Anna Jakubowska; Jan Lubinski; Katarzyna Jaworska; Katarzyna Durda; Børge G Nordestgaard; Stig E Bojesen; Charlotte Lanng; Arto Mannermaa; Vesa Kataja; Veli-Matti Kosma; Jaana M Hartikainen; Paolo Radice; Paolo Peterlongo; Siranoush Manoukian; Loris Bernard; Fergus J Couch; Janet E Olson; Xianshu Wang; Zachary Fredericksen; Grethe Grenaker Alnaes; Vessela Kristensen; Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale; Peter Devilee; Robert A E M Tollenaar; Caroline M Seynaeve; Maartje J Hooning; Montserrat García-Closas; Stephen J Chanock; Jolanta Lissowska; Mark E Sherman; Per Hall; Jianjun Liu; Kamila Czene; Daehee Kang; Keun-Young Yoo; Dong-Young Noh; Annika Lindblom; Sara Margolin; Alison M Dunning; Paul D P Pharoah; Douglas F Easton; Pascal Guénel; Hiltrud Brauch Journal: Hum Mutat Date: 2012-04-30 Impact factor: 4.878
Authors: Xiaohong R Yang; Jenny Chang-Claude; Ellen L Goode; Fergus J Couch; Heli Nevanlinna; Roger L Milne; Mia Gaudet; Marjanka K Schmidt; Annegien Broeks; Angela Cox; Peter A Fasching; Rebecca Hein; Amanda B Spurdle; Fiona Blows; Kristy Driver; Dieter Flesch-Janys; Judith Heinz; Peter Sinn; Alina Vrieling; Tuomas Heikkinen; Kristiina Aittomäki; Päivi Heikkilä; Carl Blomqvist; Jolanta Lissowska; Beata Peplonska; Stephen Chanock; Jonine Figueroa; Louise Brinton; Per Hall; Kamila Czene; Keith Humphreys; Hatef Darabi; Jianjun Liu; Laura J Van 't Veer; Flora E van Leeuwen; Irene L Andrulis; Gord Glendon; Julia A Knight; Anna Marie Mulligan; Frances P O'Malley; Nayana Weerasooriya; Esther M John; Matthias W Beckmann; Arndt Hartmann; Sebastian B Weihbrecht; David L Wachter; Sebastian M Jud; Christian R Loehberg; Laura Baglietto; Dallas R English; Graham G Giles; Catriona A McLean; Gianluca Severi; Diether Lambrechts; Thijs Vandorpe; Caroline Weltens; Robert Paridaens; Ann Smeets; Patrick Neven; Hans Wildiers; Xianshu Wang; Janet E Olson; Victoria Cafourek; Zachary Fredericksen; Matthew Kosel; Celine Vachon; Helen E Cramp; Daniel Connley; Simon S Cross; Sabapathy P Balasubramanian; Malcolm W R Reed; Thilo Dörk; Michael Bremer; Andreas Meyer; Johann H Karstens; Aysun Ay; Tjoung-Won Park-Simon; Peter Hillemanns; Jose Ignacio Arias Pérez; Primitiva Menéndez Rodríguez; Pilar Zamora; Javier Benítez; Yon-Dschun Ko; Hans-Peter Fischer; Ute Hamann; Beate Pesch; Thomas Brüning; Christina Justenhoven; Hiltrud Brauch; Diana M Eccles; William J Tapper; Sue M Gerty; Elinor J Sawyer; Ian P Tomlinson; Angela Jones; Michael Kerin; Nicola Miller; Niall McInerney; Hoda Anton-Culver; Argyrios Ziogas; Chen-Yang Shen; Chia-Ni Hsiung; Pei-Ei Wu; Show-Lin Yang; Jyh-Cherng Yu; Shou-Tung Chen; Giu-Cheng Hsu; Christopher A Haiman; Brian E Henderson; Loic Le Marchand; Laurence N Kolonel; Annika Lindblom; Sara Margolin; Anna Jakubowska; Jan Lubiński; Tomasz Huzarski; Tomasz Byrski; Bohdan Górski; Jacek Gronwald; Maartje J Hooning; Antoinette Hollestelle; Ans M W van den Ouweland; Agnes Jager; Mieke Kriege; Madeleine M A Tilanus-Linthorst; Margriet Collée; Shan Wang-Gohrke; Katri Pylkäs; Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen; Kari Mononen; Mervi Grip; Pasi Hirvikoski; Robert Winqvist; Arto Mannermaa; Veli-Matti Kosma; Jaana Kauppinen; Vesa Kataja; Päivi Auvinen; Ylermi Soini; Reijo Sironen; Stig E Bojesen; David Dynnes Ørsted; Diljit Kaur-Knudsen; Henrik Flyger; Børge G Nordestgaard; Helene Holland; Georgia Chenevix-Trench; Siranoush Manoukian; Monica Barile; Paolo Radice; Susan E Hankinson; David J Hunter; Rulla Tamimi; Suleeporn Sangrajrang; Paul Brennan; James McKay; Fabrice Odefrey; Valerie Gaborieau; Peter Devilee; P E A Huijts; R A E M Tollenaar; C Seynaeve; Gillian S Dite; Carmel Apicella; John L Hopper; Fleur Hammet; Helen Tsimiklis; Letitia D Smith; Melissa C Southey; Manjeet K Humphreys; Douglas Easton; Paul Pharoah; Mark E Sherman; Montserrat Garcia-Closas Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2010-12-29 Impact factor: 13.506