Atomic force microscopy of the three-dimensional crystal of membrane protein, OmpC porin.

Three-dimensional microcrystals of OmpC osmoporin were air-dried slowly and imaged in air with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The overall structural features in AFM images are in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction data of these OmpC osmoporin crystals: monoclinic P2(1) with the unit cell constants a=117.6 Å, b=110 Å, c=298.4 Å, beta=97 degrees. Such a good correspondence between X-ray diffraction and AFM data suggests that the slow and mild air-drying of these crystals did not induce any significant alterations in the crystal lattices as expected upon crystal dehydration. At the (100) crystal face, individual trimeric protein-detergent complexes were resolved. These results show the potential for studying the molecular structure of microcrystals of integral membrane proteins. This study also suggests that the crystal grew in a fashion of rapid two-dimensional expansion along the bc plane followed by a slow deposition along the a axis, perhaps as a rate-limiting nucleation process. Thus, AFM imaging of air-dried crystals would also be of considerable use in the early stages of a project to grow large three-dimensional crystals of membrane proteins suitable for high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies.