Secular trends in growth and changes in eating patterns of Japanese children.

Changes in the daily macronutrient intake of Japanese children have been studied over the past half century to determine the effects of such changes on a child's healthy growth and development. Data from government and other reports show that in 5-y-old boys in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the intake of fat as a percentage of total energy intake was 12.6%, 20.9%, 28.4%, 33.8%, and 33.2% in 1952, 1960, 1970, 1982, and 1994, respectively. The prevalence of obesity in school-aged children is increasing; recently, nearly 10% of the children in this age group were considered obese. About 5% of obese children experience some adverse effects caused by obesity, eg, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Nationwide surveys on serum cholesterol concentrations conducted in 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 showed that the cholesterol concentrations in 10-19-y-old males and females increased year after year. The height of boys and girls rapidly increased during the 15-y period from 1945 to 1960, and after 1970 the adult height in Japan was thought to have reached its maximum. The factors that contribute to the health problems facing today's Japanese children include their sedentary lifestyle, irregular intake of meals (especially skipping breakfast), and the increasing daily ratio of fat to total energy intake. Presently, changing the sedentary lifestyle is the most significant issue to be resolved.