Simultaneous in vivo monitoring of hepatic glucose and glucose-6-phosphate by (13)C-NMR spectroscopy.

Hepatic glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) was monitored non-invasively in rat liver by in vivo (13)C NMR spectroscopy after infusion of [1-(13)C] glucose. The phosphorylation of glucose to G6P yields small but characteristic displacements for all of its (13)C-NMR resonances relative to those of glucose. It is demonstrated that in vivo (13)C-NMR spectroscopy at 7 Tesla provides the spectral sensitivity and resolution to detect hepatic G6P present at sub-millimolar concentration as partially resolved low-field shoulders of the glucose C1 resonances at 96.86 ppm (C1beta) and 93. 02 ppm (C1alpha). Upon (13)C-labeling, the intracellular conversion of [1-(13)C] glucose to [1-(13)C] G6P could be monitored, which allowed the hepatic glucose-G6P substrate cycle to be assessed in situ. The close correlation found for the (13)C labeling patterns of glucose and G6P supports the concept of an active substrate cycle whose rate exceeds that of net hepatic glucose metabolism. High-resolution (13)C-NMR spectroscopy and biochemical analyses of tissue biopsies collected at the end of the experiments confirmed qualitatively the findings obtained in vivo.