Genetically caused retarded growth in animals.

Growth process of animals is regulated by a multitude of physiological pathways among which components of the somatotropic axis play a key role. A number of severe, simply inherited growth disturbances have been identified in humans, laboratory and farm animals. These disorders are controlled by defective alleles at major loci referring to hormones or hormone receptors, e.g. growth hormone receptor for the recessive sex-linked dwarfism (dw) in chickens and the recessive autosomal Laron-type dwarfism in man, and growth hormone releasing hormone receptor for the recessive "little" mutation (lit) in mice. Apart from these particular cases, growth rate is a quantitative polygenic trait which has a moderate heritability (close to 0.30) and is influenced by prenatal and postnatal maternal effects. Increase in the average coefficient of inbreeding in a population is also known to result in lower growth rate. Divergent selection experiments have shown that upward or downward selection on growth is effective, sometimes with asymmetrical responses, but patterns of changes in underlying physiological traits appear to differ among experiments.